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1 Systems And Computer Technology
Position ( job): SCTУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Systems And Computer Technology
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2 technology
1) техника2) технология3) метод; способ; (технологический) приём•- advanced technology
- advanced technology extended
- ALIVH technology
- anti technology
- anti-fuse technology
- any layer, inner via hole technology
- beam-lead technology
- bi-FET technology
- bipolar technology
- blend-to-analog technology
- bubble technology
- C-MOS technology
- communication technology
- compiled cell technology
- complementary MOS technology
- computer technology
- computer literacy and information technology
- conductive ink technology
- continuous read technology
- cryogenic technology
- data processing technology
- depletion technology
- diffusion technology
- digital watermarking technology
- discrete wire technology
- display technology
- D-MOS technology
- double-diffused MOS technology
- emerging technology
- encapsulation technology
- epitaxial technology
- flexible technology
- full-slice technology
- fusible-link technology
- fuzz-button technology
- glass-ambient technology
- high technology
- high speed technology
- hybrid technology
- IBOC technology
- in-band/on-channel technology
- information technology
- information technologies and systems
- integrated-circuit technology
- interactive technology
- isoplanar technology
- keyboard technology
- large-scale integration technology
- local oxidation on silicon technology
- locos technology
- loop technology
- magnetic-bubble domain technology
- magnetooptical technology
- master-slice technology
- measurement technology
- MEMS technology
- MEMS-based technology
- metal-oxide-semiconductor and bipolar technology
- microelectromechanical system technology
- microelectromechanical system-based technology
- microvia technology
- microwave technology
- millimeter-wave technology
- mixed technology
- M-O technology
- monolithic technology
- multimedia technology
- nanoscale technology
- optical technology
- optical fiber technology
- optical recording technology
- partial-response maximum likelihood read-channel technology
- phase change technology
- photomasking technology
- photoresist technology
- plug-and-jack technology
- polysilicon-gate technology
- pull technology
- pull-push technology
- push technology
- radar technology
- reduced instruction set computing technology
- reduced output swing technology
- remote automation technology
- remotely-manned technology
- resolution enhancement technology
- RISC technology
- robotics technology
- SAW technology
- semiconductor technology
- short-link wireless technology
- SIC technology
- silicon integrated-circuit technology
- solid logic technology
- solid-state technology
- space technology
- submicron technology
- surface-acoustic-wave technology
- surface mount technology
- surface-mounting technology
- transient electromagnetic pulse emanation surveillance technology
- Travan technology
- TRIM technology
- tri-mask technology
- trusted network technology
- ultra fine pitch technology
- vacuum technology
- very large-scale integration technology
- V-groove MOS technology
- V-MOS technology
- virtual technology
- zone-refining technology -
3 technology
1) технология; технические приёмы2) техника; технические средства3) технические знания; технический опыт, систематизированный технический опыт•- actuator technology
- advanced manufacturing technology
- aggregate technology
- AI-based robotics technology
- assembly technology
- audiovisual technology
- automatic eddy current technology
- automation technology
- automative technology
- CAD/CAM technology
- CADCAM technology
- CAM technology
- capacitance technology
- capacitance-sensing technology
- CBN grinding technology
- cell manufacturing technology
- CIM-based technology
- CIMIS technologies
- CNC technology
- communication technology
- computer-aided technology
- computer-driven technology
- control technology
- conveyance technologies
- cutoff sawing technology
- cutting edge technology
- cutting machine tool technology
- cutting technology
- cutting tool technology
- digital eddy current technology
- digital imaging technology
- digital technology
- DNC technology
- eddy current technology
- electroheat technology
- electronic technology
- enabling technology
- engineering technology
- enterprise management technology
- fabricating technology
- fast-developing control technology
- field-proven technology
- five-axis technology
- flexible manufacturing technology
- FMS technology
- force-based technology
- framework technology
- gear processing technology
- generative NC technology
- group technology
- image expansion technology
- industrial automation technologies
- information management technology
- information technology
- innovative technology
- insert technology
- inspection technology
- instructional technologies
- instrumentation technology
- knowledge processing technology
- laser strip technology
- laser stripe technology
- laser surface modification technology
- laser technology
- laser-gaging technology
- leading-edge technology
- lighting technology
- locomotive technologies
- machine control technology
- machine tool control technology
- machine tool technology
- machining technology
- mainstream manufacturing technology
- manufacturing technology
- materials technology
- material-specific cutting technology
- mature technology
- measurement technology
- mechanical technology
- mechanical-engineering technology
- microprocessor technology
- moire technology
- monitoring technology
- multiple laser technology
- NC machining technology
- NC technology
- near-term technology
- networking technology
- numerical control process technology
- open system technology
- open systems technology
- pattern-recognition technology
- precision engineering technology
- probing technologies
- process technology
- processing technology
- production technology
- remote control technology
- robot technology
- robotics technology
- RP technology
- saw technology
- sensing technology
- sensor technology
- sheet metal working technology
- silicon integrated-circuit technology
- silicon technology
- solid state technology
- standard-product technologies
- support technology
- surface-mount technology
- swarf-monitoring technology
- telepresence technology
- telerobotic technology
- time study-based technology
- time-of-flight technology
- tried-and-true technology
- turning technology
- ultrasonic technology
- underlying technology
- unmanned turning technology
- up-to-the-minute technology
- vacuum technology
- vision technology
- workstation technologyEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > technology
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4 advanced manufacturing technology
Gen Mgt, Opsa high technology development in computing and microelectronics, designed to enhance manufacturing capabilities. Advanced manufacturing technology is used in all areas of manufacturing, including design, control, fabrication, and assembly. This family of technologies includes robotics, computer-aided design (CAD), computeraided engineering (CAE), MRP II, automated materials handling systems, electronic data interchange (EDI), computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems, flexible manufacturing systems, and group technology.Abbr. AMTThe ultimate business dictionary > advanced manufacturing technology
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5 information technology
- информационные технологии
- информационная техноология
- информационная технология
- информационная техника
информационная техника
—
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]EN
information technology, IT
technology (computer systems, networks, software) used to process, store, acquire and distribute information
[IEC 80001-2-1, ed. 1.0 (2012-07)]Тематики
EN
информационная технология
Приемы, способы и методы применения средств вычислительной техники при выполнении функций сбора, хранения, обработки, передачи и использования данных.
[ ГОСТ 34.003-90]
информационная технология
Процессы, методы поиска, сбора, хранения, обработки, предоставления, распространения информации и способы осуществления этих процессов и методов.
[ ГОСТ Р 52653-2006]
информационная технология
Система методов и способов переработки информации
[ ГОСТ Р 51170-98]
информационная технология
Совокупность методов, производственных процессов и программно-технических средств, объединенных в технологический комплекс, обеспечивающий сбор, создание, хранение, накопление, обработку, поиск, вывод, копирование, передачу и распространение информации
[ГОСТ 7.0-99]Тематики
- автоматизированные системы
- информационно-библиотечная деятельность
- информационные технологии в образовании
- качество служебной информации
EN
FR
- technologie d’information
информационная техноология
Процедуры обработки информации, а также технические и программные средства сбора, хранения, передачи и отображения различных видов информации.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
информационные технологии
ИТ
Использование технологий для хранения, обмена передачи или обработки информации. Технологии обычно включают в себя компьютеры, телекоммуникации, приложения и прочее программное обеспечение. Информация может включать в себя бизнес-данные, голосовые данные, изображения, видео, и т.п. Информационные технологии часто используются для поддержки бизнес-процессов при помощи ИТ-услуг.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]
информационные технологии
Технологии поиска, сбора, хранения, обработки, предоставления, распространения информации и способы осуществления таких процессов и методов.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]EN
information technology
IT
The use of technology for the storage, communication or processing of information. The technology typically includes computers, telecommunications, applications and other software. The information may include business data, voice, images, video etc. Information technology is often used to support business processes through IT services.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]
information technology
computer-related assets of an organization that represent nonphysical assets, such as software applications, process programs and personnel files
NOTE 1 This use of the term information technology is not abbreviated throughout this document.
NOTE 2 Another use of the term information technology (IT) refers to the company’s internal organization (for example, the IT department) or the items traditionally maintained by this department (that is, the administrative computers, servers and network infrastructure). This use of the term information technology is abbreviated as IT throughout this standard.
[IEC 62443-2-1, ed. 1.0 (2010-11)]FR
traitement de l'information
actifs informatiques d’une organisation, correspondant à des actifs non physiques, tels que des applications logicielles, des programmes de pilotage de procédés et des fichiers concernant le personnel
NOTE 1 Cette utilisation du terme de traitement de l'information n’est pas abrégée dans l’ensemble du présent document.
NOTE 2 Une autre utilisation du terme de traitement de l'information (IT) désigne l’organisation interne à l’entreprise (par exemple, le service informatique) ou les éléments habituellement pris en charge par ce service (c’est-à-dire les ordinateurs administratifs, les serveurs et l’infrastructure réseau). Cette utilisation du terme de traitement de l'information est abrégée par le sigle IT dans l’ensemble de la présente norme.
[IEC 62443-2-1, ed. 1.0 (2010-11)]Тематики
Синонимы
- ИТ
EN
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > information technology
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6 communication technology
Gen Mgtelectronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups. Communication technology facilitates communication between individuals or groups who are not physically present at the same location. Systems such as telephones, telex, fax, radio, television, and video are included, as well as more recent computer-based technologies, including electronic data interchange and e-mail. -
7 SCT
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Stem Cell Transplant, Site Control Team (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Systems Computer Technology4) Военный термин: Single-Channel Terminal, single-channel transponder, system compatibility tests5) Техника: scan converter tube, scanning telescope, scattered clouds, signal corps training, single-cassette tape reader, smoothed coherence transform, sonar certification test, step control table, surface-charge transistor, synchro control transformer, system circuit test6) Железнодорожный термин: Sioux City Terminal Railway7) Сокращение: Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope, Single Channel Transponder, Societe des Ceramiques Techniques (France), structural clay tile, Special Consumption Tax8) Электроника: Schottky Clamped Transistor, Surface Charge Transistor9) Вычислительная техника: streaming cartridge tape, subroutine call table, расширение файлов растровых изображений в формате Scitex СТ, Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (Space)10) Банковское дело: SEPA Credit Transfer11) Химическое оружие: Sample collection tube, systems contractor training12) Нефть и газ: spent caustic tank13) Электротехника: short-circuit, superconducting transformer14) Должность: Systems And Computer Technology15) Аэропорты: Socotra, Republic of Yemen16) Программное обеспечение: Software Computer Technology17) Оргтехника: Simple Catch Tray -
8 Sct
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Stem Cell Transplant, Site Control Team (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Systems Computer Technology4) Военный термин: Single-Channel Terminal, single-channel transponder, system compatibility tests5) Техника: scan converter tube, scanning telescope, scattered clouds, signal corps training, single-cassette tape reader, smoothed coherence transform, sonar certification test, step control table, surface-charge transistor, synchro control transformer, system circuit test6) Железнодорожный термин: Sioux City Terminal Railway7) Сокращение: Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope, Single Channel Transponder, Societe des Ceramiques Techniques (France), structural clay tile, Special Consumption Tax8) Электроника: Schottky Clamped Transistor, Surface Charge Transistor9) Вычислительная техника: streaming cartridge tape, subroutine call table, расширение файлов растровых изображений в формате Scitex СТ, Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (Space)10) Банковское дело: SEPA Credit Transfer11) Химическое оружие: Sample collection tube, systems contractor training12) Нефть и газ: spent caustic tank13) Электротехника: short-circuit, superconducting transformer14) Должность: Systems And Computer Technology15) Аэропорты: Socotra, Republic of Yemen16) Программное обеспечение: Software Computer Technology17) Оргтехника: Simple Catch Tray -
9 sct
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Stem Cell Transplant, Site Control Team (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Systems Computer Technology4) Военный термин: Single-Channel Terminal, single-channel transponder, system compatibility tests5) Техника: scan converter tube, scanning telescope, scattered clouds, signal corps training, single-cassette tape reader, smoothed coherence transform, sonar certification test, step control table, surface-charge transistor, synchro control transformer, system circuit test6) Железнодорожный термин: Sioux City Terminal Railway7) Сокращение: Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope, Single Channel Transponder, Societe des Ceramiques Techniques (France), structural clay tile, Special Consumption Tax8) Электроника: Schottky Clamped Transistor, Surface Charge Transistor9) Вычислительная техника: streaming cartridge tape, subroutine call table, расширение файлов растровых изображений в формате Scitex СТ, Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (Space)10) Банковское дело: SEPA Credit Transfer11) Химическое оружие: Sample collection tube, systems contractor training12) Нефть и газ: spent caustic tank13) Электротехника: short-circuit, superconducting transformer14) Должность: Systems And Computer Technology15) Аэропорты: Socotra, Republic of Yemen16) Программное обеспечение: Software Computer Technology17) Оргтехника: Simple Catch Tray -
10 director
начальник (управления, службы, отдела) ; руководитель; директор; ( центральный) прибор управления огнем; прибор управления артиллерийским зенитным огнем, ПУАЗО; целеуказатель; оператор наведения; пункт [самолет, корабль] наведения; ретранслятор; буссольAssistant director, Review and Analysis — помощник начальника управления по проверке и анализу (контрактов) (МО)
Deputy CIA director, Essential Elements of Information — заместитель директора ЦРУ по постановке основных задач сбора разведывательной информации
Deputy director of Defense Research and Engineering for Administration, Evaluation and Management — заместитель начальника управления НИОКР МО по административным вопросам, вопросам оценки и управления
Deputy director, Contract Administration Services — заместитель начальника службы по контролю за исполнением контрактов (МО)
Deputy director, Strategic and Naval Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по стратегическим и морским системам оружия (МО)
Deputy director, Tactical Air and Land Warfare Systems — заместитель начальника управления по тактическим авиационным и наземным системам оружия (МО)
Deputy director, Test Facilities and Resources — заместитель начальника управления по испытательному оборудованию и ресурсам (МО)
director EW and C3 Countermeasures — начальник управления РЭБ и мер противодействия системам руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director for C3 Policy — начальник управления разработки программ руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director for Operations, Joint Staff — начальник оперативного управления объединенного штаба (КНШ)
director for Plans and Policy, Joint Staff — начальник управления планирования и строительства ВС объединенного штаба;
director of Administrative Services, Joint Staff — начальник административного управления объединенного штаба
director of Civilian Marksmanship, National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice — начальник управления стрелковой подготовки гражданского персонала Национального комитета содействия развитию стрелкового спорта (СВ)
director of Manning (Army) — Бр. начальник управления комплектования (СВ)
director of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation — начальник управления НИОКР, испытаний и оценок
director, Acquisition and Support Planning — начальник управления закупок (военной техники) и планирования МТО (МО)
director, Administrative Support Group — начальник группы административного обеспечения (СВ)
director, Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки боевой техники МП
director, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment — Бр. начальник управления разработки систем надводного оружия ВМС
director, African Region — начальник управления стран Африки (МО)
director, Air National Guard — директор штаба НГ ВВС
director, Air Vehicles Technology — начальник управления разработки авиационных транспортных систем (МО)
director, Air Warfare — начальник управления авиационных систем оружия (МО)
director, Army Air Corps — Бр. начальник управления армейской авиации СВ
director, Army Aviation — начальник управления армейской авиации
director, Army Council of Review Boards — председатель совета СВ по контролю за деятельностью апелляционных комиссий
director, Army Medical Services — Бр. начальник медицинской службы СВ
director, Army National Guard — директор штаба НГ СВ
director, Army Programs — начальник управления разработки программ СВ
director, C3 Resources — начальник управления разработки систем руководства, управления и связи (МО)
director, Chemical Defence Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ средств химической защиты
director, Civil Affairs — начальник управления по связям с гражданской администрацией и населением
director, Civilian Employees Security Program — начальник службы контрразведывательной проверки гражданского персонала (СВ)
director, Combat Support — начальник управления боевого обеспечения (МО)
director, Communications Systems — начальник управления систем связи (МО)
director, Contracts and Systems Acquisition — начальник управления заключения контрактов и закупок систем оружия и военной техники (МО)
director, Coordination and Analysis — начальник управления координации и анализа
director, Counterintelligence and Investigative Programs — начальник управления программ контрразведки и специальных расследований (МО)
director, Cruise Missile Systems — начальник управления систем КР (МО)
director, Defence Operational Analysis Establishment — Бр. начальник военнонаучного управления МО
director, Defense Research and Engineering — начальник управления НИОКР МО
director, Defense Sciences — начальник научно-исследовательского управления МО
director, Defense Supply Service-Washington — начальник службы снабжения зоны Вашингтона в МО
director, Defense Telephone Service-Washington — начальник телефонной службы зоны Вашингтона в МО
director, Defense Test and Evaluation — начальник управления МО по испытанию и оценке (оружия и военной техники)
director, DIA — начальник разведывательного управления МО
director, Directed Energy Programs — начальник управления программ использования направленной энергии (МО)
director, Doctrine, Organization and Training — начальник управления разработки доктрин, вопросов организации и боевой подготовки
director, DOD SALT Task Force — председатель рабочей группы МО по вопросам переговоров в рамках ОС В
director, East Asia and Pacific Region — начальник управления стран Восточной Азии и Тихого океана (МО)
director, Electronics and Physical Sciences — начальник управления по электронике и естественным наукам (МО)
director, Engineering Technology — начальник управления проектно-конструкторских работ (МО)
director, Environmental and Life Sciences — начальник управления экологических и биологических наук (МО)
director, Equipment Applications — начальник управления по изучению применения техники (в войсках)
director, Facilities Engineering — начальник инженерно-строительного управления
director, Far East/Middle East/Southern Hemisphere Affairs — начальник управления стран Дальнего Востока, Среднего Востока и Южного полушария (МО)
director, Federal Bureau of Investigation — директор ФБР
director, Field Maintenance — начальник службы полевого технического обслуживания и ремонта
director, Foreign Military Rights Affairs — начальник управления по делам прав иностранных государств в военной области (МО)
director, General Purpose Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов строительства сил общего назначения
director, Health Resources — начальник управления ресурсов здравоохранения
director, Information Processing Technique — начальник управления систем обработки информации (МО)
director, Information Security — начальник управления обеспечения секретности информации (МО)
director, Information Systems — начальник управления АИС
director, Installations — начальник управления строительства
director, Intelligence Resources — начальник управления изучения ресурсов разведки (МО)
director, Inter-American Region — начальник управления по межамериканским делам
director, International Economic Affairs — начальник управления по международным экономическим делам (МО)
director, International Military Staff — начальник международного объединенного штаба (НАТО)
director, Joint Staff — начальник секретариата объединенного штаба (КНШ)
director, Joint Tactical Communications (TRI-TAC) Program — начальник отдела работ по программе использования единой тактической системы связи (ТРИ-ТАК)
director, Judge Advocate Division — начальник отдела военно-юридической службы (МП)
director, Land Warfare — начальник управления наземных систем оружия (МО)
director, Legislative Liaison — начальник отдела по связям с законодательными органами (ВВС)
director, Legislative Reference Service — начальник справочной юридической службы (МО)
director, Major Weapon Systems Acquisition — начальник управления закупок основных систем оружия (МО)
director, Marine Corps Reserve — начальник отдела по вопросам резерва МП
director, Materiel Acquisition Policy — начальник управления разработки планов закупок оружия и военной техники (МО)
director, Materiel Requirements — начальник отдела определения потребностей в оружии и военной технике
director, Medical Plans and Resources — начальник управления ресурсов и планов медицинского обеспечения (ВВС)
director, Military Assistance Office — Бр. начальник управления по оказанию военной помощи иностранным государствам (СВ)
director, Military Survey — Бр. начальник топографического управления (СВ)
director, Military Technology — начальник управления военной технологии (МО)
director, Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment — Бр. начальник управления БМ и инженерной техники
director, National Intelligence Systems — начальник управления национальных систем разведки (МО)
director, NATO/European Affairs — начальник управления по делам НАТО и стран Европы (МО)
director, Naval Laboratories — начальник управления научно-исследовательских лабораторий ВМС
director, Near Eastern and South Asian Region — начальник управления стран Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии (МО)
director, Negotiations Policy — начальник управления разработки планов ведения переговоров (МО)
director, Net Assessment — начальник управления всесторонней оценки программ (МО)
director, NSA — директор АНБ
director, Offensive and Space Systems — начальник управления космических средств и систем наступательного оружия (МО)
director, Office of Congressional Travel/Security Clearances — начальник отдела организации поездок членов Конгресса и оформления допуска к секретным материалам (МО)
director, Office of Dependents Schools — начальник отдела по вопросам воспитания и образования детей военнослужащих (МО)
director, Office of Research and Administration — начальник управления НИР и административного обеспечения (МО)
director, Operations — начальник оперативного управления [отдела]
director, Personnel and Employment Service-Washington — начальник отдела кадров для гражданских служащих зоны Вашингтона (СВ)
director, Personnel Council — председатель совета по делам ЛС (ВВС)
director, Personnel Plans — начальник управления планирования подготовки ЛС (ВВС)
director, Personnel Programs — начальник управления разработки программ использования ЛС (ВВС)
director, Planning and Health Policy Analysis — начальник управления планирования и развития здравоохранения (МО)
director, Planning and Requirements Review — начальник управления планирования и анализа потребностей (МО)
director, Planning — начальник управления планирования (МО)
director, Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ
director, Policy Research — начальник управления политических исследований (МО)
director, Program Control and Administration — начальник управления по административным вопросам и контролю за выполнением программ
director, Program Management — начальник управления по руководству разработкой программ (МО)
director, R&D and Procurement — начальник отдела НИОКР и заготовок
director, Religious Education — руководитель отделения [секции] религиозного образования (СВ)
director, Resource Management Office — начальник отдела управления ресурсами (СВ)
director, Royal Aircraft Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ авиационной техники
director, Royal Armament R&D Establishment — Бр. директор НИЦ вооружений
director, Royal Armored Corps — Бр. начальник бронетанковых войск
director, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерийского управления
director, Royal Signals and Radar Establishments — Бр. директор НИЦ средств связи и РЛ техники
director, SALT/Arms Control Support Group — начальник группы обеспечения переговоров в рамках ОСВ по контролю над вооружениями
director, Security Assistance Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ военной помощи иностранным государствам
director, Security Plans and Programs — начальник управления разработки планов и программ обеспечения безопасности (МО)
director, Space Activities Office — начальник управления космических программ (МО)
director, Space and Building Management Service-Washington — начальник службы эксплуатации объектов зоны Вашингтона (СВ)
director, Space Systems — начальник управления космических систем (ВВС)
director, Special Projects — начальник управления специальных проектов (МО)
director, Special Studies — начальник управления специальных НИР
director, Special Weapons — начальник управления специальных видов оружия
director, Strategic and Theater C2 Systems — начальник управления разработки систем руководства и управления ВС в стратегическом масштабе и на ТВД
director, Strategic Forces Policy — начальник управления разработки вопросов развития стратегических сил
director, Strategic Planning — начальник отдела стратегического планирования
director, Strategic Plans — начальник отдела стратегического планирования
director, Strategic Policy — начальник управления разработки стратегических проблем (МО)
director, Strategic Technology — начальник управления разработки стратегических систем оружия (МО)
director, Studies and Analyses Staff — начальник отдела исследований и анализа (СВ)
director, Surveillance and Warning — начальник управления систем наблюдения и оповещения (МО)
director, Tactical Intelligence Systems — начальник управления тактических систем разведки (МО)
director, Tactical Technology — начальник управления разработки тактических систем оружия (МО)
director, Technology and Arms Transfer Policy — начальник управления разработки основ передачи военной технологии и вооружений
director, Technology Trade — начальник управления по торговым операциям в области технологии
director, Territorial Army and Cadets — Бр. начальник управления территориальной армии и кадетских организаций
director, Theater Nuclear Force Policy — начальник управления разработки программ развития ядерных сил на ТВД
director, Underwater Weapons Projects — Бр. начальник отдела разработки проектов подводного оружия
director, USAF Judiciary — начальник отдела судопроизводства ВВС США
director, Washington Headquarters Services — начальник административноштабной службы зоны Вашингтона
director, Weapons (Production) — Бр. начальник управления по производству систем оружия
director, Women's RAF — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВВС
director, Women's Royal Naval Service — Бр. начальник женской вспомогательной службы ВМС
Executive director, Industrial Security — начальник управления обеспечения сохранения военной тайны на промышленных предприятиях (МО)
Executive director, Quality Assurance — начальник управления обеспечения качества (продукции МО)
Executive director, Technical and Logistics Services — начальник управления служб МТО (МО)
Managing director, Royal Ordnance Factories — Бр. начальник управления военных заводов
Principal director Office of the Deputy Under-Secretary, Policy Planning — начальник управления [первый помощник заместителя МО] по планированию военно-политических программ
Staff director, Installation Services and Environmental Protection — начальник управления обслуживания объектов и защиты окружающей среды (МО)
Staff director, Management Review — начальник управления анализа организационных проблем (МО)
Staff director, Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization — начальник управления по связям с мелкими и льготными предприятиями (МО)
Vice director, Management and Operations Defense Intelligence Agency — первый заместитель начальника разведывательного управления МО по вопросам руководства операциями
— fire control director -
11 Forrester, Jay Wright
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 14 July 1918 Anselmo, Nebraska, USA[br]American electrical engineer and management expert who invented the magnetic-core random access memory used in most early digital computers.[br]Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Academy of Engineering 1967. George Washington University Inventor of the Year 1968. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal 1969. Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Award for Outstanding Accomplishments 1972. Computer Society Pioneer Award 1972. Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honour 1972. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1979. Magnetics Society Information Storage Award 1988. Honorary DEng Nebraska 1954, Newark College of Engineering 1971, Notre Dame University 1974. Honorary DSc Boston 1969, Union College 1973. Honorary DPolSci Mannheim University, Germany. Honorary DHumLett, State University of New York 1988.Bibliography1951, "Data storage in three dimensions using magnetic cores", Journal of Applied Physics 20: 44 (his first description of the core store).Publications on management include: 1961, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1968, Principles of Systems, 1971, Urban Dynamics, 1980, with A.A.Legasto \& J.M.Lyneis, System Dynamics, North Holland. 1975, Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.Further ReadingK.C.Redmond \& T.M.Smith, Project Whirlwind, the History of a Pioneer Computer (provides details of the Whirlwind computer).H.H.Goldstine, 1993, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (for more general background to the development of computers).Serrell et al., 1962, "Evolution of computing machines", Proceedings of the Institute ofRadio Engineers 1,047.M.R.Williams, 1975, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic CallandKF -
12 CCS
1) Авиация: cabin communication system, centralized cabin station3) Спорт: Championship Cup Series4) Военный термин: COMINT Collection Subsystem ( 3) Combat Control Squadron, Change Control System, Combat Communications Squadron, Combined Chiefs of Staff, Command and Control Systems, Command and Coordination Set, Communications Control Set, Constellation Control Station, cartographic conversion station, casualty clearing station, central computer station, central computer, ship, central control section, collective call sign, command and control system, command control system, command, control, support, communications control system, computer command subsystem, confidential cover sheet, conformal countermeasures system, contaminant control system, control and computation system, control computer system, control coordination sets, current call sign, ОКНШ, Объединённый комитет начальников штабов, Collection Capabilities Statement (HUMINT), Computer and Communications System5) Техника: Canstor Canadian storage, Center for Cybernetics Study, Chicago cyclotron spectrometer, Compact Cooling System, camera control system, central control station, collector-coupled structure, command and communications system, commitment control system, common channel signaling unit, common-channel signaling, component cooling system, composite color signal, computation and control system, condensate clean-up system, condensate cooling system, containment cooling system, continuous color sequence, contrast contour seeker, credit control system, customer calling service, УХУ, технология УХУ, улавливание и хранение двуокиси углерода, улавливание и хранение углерода, CO2 capture and storage, carbon dioxide capture and storage6) Шутливое выражение: Certified Coding Specialist7) Бухгалтерия: Credit Card Status, система кредитного контроля (credit control system)8) Автомобильный термин: coast clutch solenoid, controlled combustion system, Испытание моторного масла методом "холодного" старта (Cold Crank(ing) Simulator. Метод проверки свойств моторных масел в условиях низких температур.), Cold cranking viscosity (ASTM D5293)9) Архитектура: Certified Construction Specifier10) Грубое выражение: Corporate Cock Suckers, Crap Coming Soon11) Металлургия: Carbon capture and storage (usually used with word "technology")12) Полиграфия: Cannon Color System13) Телекоммуникации: Call Center Service, Common Channel Signaling, Hundred Call Seconds per Hour14) Сокращение: Cabinet Committee on Security (India), Carrier Cost System (includes CCCS and RCCS), Combat Control System, Command & Control Station, Common Channel Signaling (network), Control & Communications Subsystem, Course Corrected Shell, Crew Cooling System, Hundred Call Seconds, Cold Cranking Simulator (a high shear viscometer used measure viscosity of crankcase ols at low temperature.), China Classification Society (классификационное общество Китая), Combined Combustion System15) Университет: Campus Computing Sites, Correct Class Selection16) Вычислительная техника: Communications-Computer Systems, Component Control System, Computerized Charging System, Continuous Composite Servo, Coded Character Set (CCS, Unicode), Common Communications Support (IBM, SAA), Common Channel Signaling (IN), Cyprus Computer Society (Org, Zypern), Common Command Set (SCSI), Hundred Call Seconds (Telephony), Cambridge Cybernetic Society (organization)17) Нефть: Cable Communication System18) Онкология: Canadian Cancer Society, Cancer Control Society19) Связь: 100 вызовов в минуту (ед. измерения)20) Воздухоплавание: Communication Control System, Optical Contact Sensor21) Фирменный знак: Central Computing Services, Creative Communications Services, Creative Curriculum Software (Company)22) Экология: улавливание и хранение CO2, улавливание и хранение углерода23) Энергетика: CCS-технология, геологический секвестр углерода, улавливание и удержание CO224) Деловая лексика: Cadence Customer Support, Care Commitment And Service, Cash Centre System, Central Certificate Service, Cost of Common Stock, Customer And Community Satisfaction, Customer Care System, Commercial Crime Service25) Сетевые технологии: common channel signalling, common communication support, унифицированная поддержка связи, унифицированный список команд26) Автоматика: collision control system, constant cutting speed, current controlled source27) Сахалин Ю: caustic soda28) Химическое оружие: Central control system29) Безопасность: Coded Character Set30) Расширение файла: Common Command Set, Common Communications Services, Common Communications Support, Cryptographic Checksum31) SAP.тех. стандарт CCS32) Нефть и газ: Улавливание и консервация (долговременное хранение) СО2 (Carbon Capture and Sequestration), актуальные расходы на складирование (Current Cost of Supply), CCS technology33) Огнеупоры: определение прочности при холодном раздавливании, прочность при раздавливании в холодном состоянии, прочность при сжатии в холодном состоянии, cold crushing test, gross compressive stress required to cause fracture, cold crushing strength34) Фантастика Card Captor Sakura35) Должность: Calculator And Computer Systems, Certified Chemoinformatics Specialist, Customer Care Specialist36) NYSE. Castle & Cooke, Inc.38) НАСА: Central Checkout System39) Международные перевозки: consolidated cargo (container) service -
13 Bibliography
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14 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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15 Association
- Association for Information Systems Professionals
- Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics
- Association for Systems Management - American Software Association
- American Standards Association - Data Processing Management Association - National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians
- National Association of Communication System Engineers
- National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters
- National Association of Securities Dealers - Radio Manufactures Association
- Recording Industry Association of America - Systems and Procedures Association
- Telecommunication Industry Association -
16 Association
в соч.- American Communication Association
- American Radio Association
- American Radio-Telegraphists Association
- American Software Association
- American Standards Association
- Association for Computing Machinery
- Association for Information Systems Professionals
- Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics
- Association for Systems Management
- Association for Women in Computing
- Association of Cinematograph and Television Technicians
- Association of Computer Users
- Association of Data Processing Service Organizations
- Association of Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics
- Association of Microelectronic Professionals
- British Engineering Standards Association
- British Robot Association
- British Videogram Association
- Canadian Standards Association
- Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association
- Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association
- Data Interchange Standards Association
- Data Processing Management Association
- Electronic Engineering Association
- Electronic Industries Association of Japan
- Electronic Industries Association
- Electronic Messaging Association
- European Computer Manufactures Association
- Exchange Carriers Standards Association
- Fiber Channel Association
- Independent Computer Consultants Association
- Information Systems Security Association
- Infrared Data Association
- Interactive Multimedia Association
- International Communication Association
- International Computer Facsimile Association
- International Computer Security Association
- International Standards Association
- International Trademark Association
- Japan Electronic Industry Development Association
- Japanese Industrial Robot Association
- Message-Oriented Middleware Association
- MIDI Manufacturer's Association
- Multimedia Telecommunications Association
- National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians
- National Association of Broadcasters
- National Association of Communication System Engineers
- National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters
- National Association of Securities Dealers
- National Cable Television Association
- National Computer Graphics Association
- National Computer Security Association
- National Electrical Manufacturers Association
- National Electronics Distributors Association
- Optical Storage Technology Association
- Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
- Radio and Electronics Engineering Association
- Radio Manufactures Association
- Radio-Electronics-Television Manufacturers Association
- Recording Industry Association of America
- Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association
- SCSI Trade Association
- Semiconductor Industry Association
- Special Libraries Association
- Surface Mount Equipment Manufactures Association
- Systems and Procedures Association
- Telecommunication Industry Association
- Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association
- Video Electronic Standard AssociationThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > Association
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17 gestor documental
(n.) = document retrieval system, information retrieval system (IRS), text information management system, document management software, document management system, information manager, record manager [records manager]Ex. A document retrieval system may be described by 3 formal characteristics: the syntax employed to describe documents, the form of machine-processable queries it accepts as valid and the retrieval rules used to rank or retrieve documents.Ex. Modern information technology has opened up several new possibilities of conceptual design of information retrieval systems (IRS) that more fully reflect actual searching behaviour.Ex. Computer-based information retrieval systems include the services of the online search service suppliers, CD-ROM products, inhouse text information management systems and online public access catalogues.Ex. This article suggests document management software as a new approach to managing small or large files of evidentiary documents.Ex. Information professionals have come to recognise the importance of software in the performance of document management systems.Ex. The information manager supervises all services to ensure competitiveness, optimal staff deployment and attention to users.Ex. New technologies are making long-cherished concepts held by all information handlers -- librarians, archivists, record managers -- seem mere provincialisms rather than sacred theory or immutable principles.* * *(n.) = document retrieval system, information retrieval system (IRS), text information management system, document management software, document management system, information manager, record manager [records manager]Ex: A document retrieval system may be described by 3 formal characteristics: the syntax employed to describe documents, the form of machine-processable queries it accepts as valid and the retrieval rules used to rank or retrieve documents.
Ex: Modern information technology has opened up several new possibilities of conceptual design of information retrieval systems (IRS) that more fully reflect actual searching behaviour.Ex: Computer-based information retrieval systems include the services of the online search service suppliers, CD-ROM products, inhouse text information management systems and online public access catalogues.Ex: This article suggests document management software as a new approach to managing small or large files of evidentiary documents.Ex: Information professionals have come to recognise the importance of software in the performance of document management systems.Ex: The information manager supervises all services to ensure competitiveness, optimal staff deployment and attention to users.Ex: New technologies are making long-cherished concepts held by all information handlers -- librarians, archivists, record managers -- seem mere provincialisms rather than sacred theory or immutable principles. -
18 Wilkes, Maurice Vincent
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 June 1913 Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England[br]English physicist who was jointly responsible for the construction of the EDS AC computer.[br]Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Stourbridge, where he began to make radio sets and read Wireless World, Wilkes went to St John's College, Cambridge, in 1931, graduating as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1934. He then carried out research at the Cavendish Laboratory, becoming a demonstrator in 1937. During the Second World War he worked on radar, differential analysers and operational research at the Bawdsey Research Station and other air-defence establishments. In 1945 he returned to Cambridge as a lecturer and as Acting Director of the Mathematical (later Computer) Laboratory, serving as Director from 1946 to 1970.During the late 1940s, following visits to the USA for computer courses and to see the ENIAC computer, with the collaboration of colleagues he constructed the Cambridge University digital computer EDSAC (for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), using ultrasonic delay lines for data storage. In the mid-1950s a second machine, EDSAC2, was constructed using a magnetic-core memory. In 1965 he became Professor of Computer Technology. After retirement he worked for the Digital Electronic Corporation (DEC) from 1981 to 1986, serving also as Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1981 to 1985. In 1990 he became a research strategy consultant to the Olivetti Research Directorate.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1956. First President, British Computer Society 1957–60. Honorary DSc Munich 1978, Bath 1987. Honorary DTech Linkoping 1975. FEng 1976. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1981.Bibliography1948, "The design of a practical high-speed computing machine", Proceedings of the Royal Society A195:274 (describes EDSAC).1949, Oscillation of the Earth's Atmosphere.1951, Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer, New York: Addison-Wesley.1956, Automatic Digital Computers, London: Methuen. 1966, A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis.1968, Time-Sharing Computer Systems: McDonald \& Jane's.1979, The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System: H.Holland.1985, Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press (autobiography).Further ReadingB.Randell (ed.), 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.KFBiographical history of technology > Wilkes, Maurice Vincent
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19 Williamson, David Theodore Nelson
[br]b. 15 February 1923 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 1992 Italy[br]Scottish engineer, inventor of the Williamson Amplifier and computer-controlled machine tools.[br]D.T.N.Williamson was educated at George Heriot's School, Edinburgh, and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh and electrical engineering at Heriot-Watt College (now Heriot-Watt University), Edinburgh. He joined the MO Valve Company in London in 1943 and worked in his spare time on improving the sound reproduction for gramophones, and in 1946 invented the "Williamson Amplifier".That same year Williamson returned to Edinburgh as a development engineer with Ferranti Ltd, where he was employed in developing computer-controlled machining systems. In 1961 he was appointed Director of Research and Development at Molins Ltd, where he continued work on computer-controlled machine tools. He invented the Molins System 24, which employed a number of machine tools, all under computer control, and is generally acknowledged as a significant step in the development of manufacturing systems. In 1974 he joined Rank Xerox and became Director of Research before taking early retirement to live in Italy. Between 1954 and 1979 he served on numerous committees relating to computer-aided design, manufacturing technology and mechanical engineering in general.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1968.BibliographyWilliamson was author of several papers and articles, and contributed to the ElectronicEngineers' Reference Book (1959), Progress in Automation (1960) and the Numerical Control Handbook (1968).RTSBiographical history of technology > Williamson, David Theodore Nelson
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20 Berezin, Evelyn
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 1925 New York, USA[br]American pioneer in computer technology.[br]Born into a poor family in the Bronx, New York City, Berezin first majored in business studies but transferred her interest to physics. She graduated in 1946 and then, with the aid of an Atomic Energy Commission fellowship, she obtained her PhD in cosmic ray physics at New York University. When the fellowship expired, opportunities in the developing field of electronic data processing seemed more promising than thise in physics. Berezin entered the firm of Electronic Computer Corporation in 1951 and was asked to "build a computer", although few at that time had actually seen one; the result was the Elecom 200. In 1953, for Underwood Corporation, she designed the first office computer, although it was never marketed, as Underwood sold out to Olivetti.Berezin's next position was as head of logic design for Teleregister Corporation in the late 1950s. Here, she led a team specializing in the design of on-line systems. Her most notable achievement was the design of a nationwide online computer reservation system for United Airlines, the first system of this kind and the precursor of similar on-line systems. It was installed in the early 1960s and was the first large non-military on-line interactive system.In the 1960s Berezin moved to the Digitronics Corporation as manager of logic design, her work here resulted in the first high-speed commercial digital communications terminal. Also in the 1960s, her involvement in Data Secretary, a challenger to the IBM editing typewriter, makes it possible to regard her as one of the pioneers of word processing. In 1976 Berezin transferred from the electronic data and computing field to that of financial management.[br]Further ReadingA.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 651–3.LRD
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